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A Tour of C++ for experienced programmers, as if C++26 is the only version that ever existed.
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123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269<!DOCTYPE HTML><html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr"> <head> <!-- Book generated using mdBook --> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Appendix F: ASan and UBSan - A Tour of C++26</title>
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<h1 class="menu-title">A Tour of C++26</h1>
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<div id="mdbook-content" class="content"> <main> <h1 id="appendix-f-addresssanitizer-and-undefinedbehaviorsanitizer"><a class="header" href="#appendix-f-addresssanitizer-and-undefinedbehaviorsanitizer">Appendix F: AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer</a></h1><p>This appendix teaches two runtime sanitizers that the book treats as members of the compiler committee. The address sanitizer (ASan) and the undefined‑behavior sanitizer (UBSan) detect errors while a program runs. They are part of the Nix development shell that <code>flake.nix</code> provides.</p><h2 id="what-asan-instruments"><a class="header" href="#what-asan-instruments">What ASan instruments</a></h2><p>ASan instruments memory access. It detects a heap‑buffer‑overflow, which is a read or write past the end of a heap allocation. It detects a use‑after‑free, which is an access to memory that the program already released. It detects a memory leak, which is an allocation that the program never frees. ASan replaces the allocator and tracks every allocation and free. It checks each memory access against that bookkeeping.</p><p>The check happens at runtime, so the program must run to trigger a report. A program that never reaches the bad access stays silent. For this reason the book runs every example under the sanitizers, so a latent bug in an example surfaces during the test run.</p><h2 id="what-ubsan-instruments"><a class="header" href="#what-ubsan-instruments">What UBSan instruments</a></h2><p>UBSan instruments operations whose behavior the standard leaves undefined. It reports signed integer overflow, which is an arithmetic result outside the representable range of a signed type. It reports shift overflow, which is a shift by a negative amount or by more than the width of the type. It reports a null‑pointer dereference, which is an access through a null pointer. UBSan inserts a runtime check before each offending operation and aborts as soon as the operation occurs.</p><p>UBSan and ASan complement each other. ASan catches memory errors. UBSan catches arithmetic and type errors. The book enables both together, so a single test run covers both classes of defect.</p><h2 id="the-flags"><a class="header" href="#the-flags">The flags</a></h2><p>The sanitizers are enabled with compile and link flags. The compile flags instrument the code. The link flags attach the sanitizer runtime. The book uses both for each example:</p><pre><code>-fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined</code></pre><p>The same flags appear on the compile line and the link line. The address sanitizer and the undefined‑behavior sanitizer combine under one <code>-fsanitize</code> option. A thread sanitizer also exists, but on this toolchain it is Linux‑only. The book does not use it.</p><h2 id="how-book_sanitize-turns-them-on"><a class="header" href="#how-book_sanitize-turns-them-on">How BOOK_SANITIZE turns them on</a></h2><p>The option <code>BOOK_SANITIZE</code> controls the sanitizers. It defaults to ON in the root <code>CMakeLists.txt</code>:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">option(BOOK_SANITIZE "Run example tests under AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer" ON)</code></pre><p>The <code>book_example</code> function in <code>cmake/BookExample.cmake</code> applies the flags when the option is set:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">if(BOOK_SANITIZE) target_compile_options(${t} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined) target_link_options(${t} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined)endif()</code></pre><p>Only <code>book_example</code> targets receive the sanitizer flags. The <code>book_demo</code> and <code>book_gap</code> targets do not. The sanitizers run under CTest, so a sanitizer report fails the test.</p><h2 id="runtime-cost"><a class="header" href="#runtime-cost">Runtime cost</a></h2><p>The instrumentation stays in the finished binary. ASan roughly doubles runtime and memory use in typical programs. UBSan adds a check before each instrumented operation. For this reason the sanitizer builds are a test configuration, not the shipping binary. The book keeps the instrumented binaries in the test config only. The <code>dev</code> preset builds every example, and CTest runs each one under the sanitizers. The same source, built without <code>BOOK_SANITIZE</code>, produces the ordinary binary.</p><h2 id="reading-an-asan-report"><a class="header" href="#reading-an-asan-report">Reading an ASan report</a></h2><p>The example <code>ch01_overflow</code> reads past the end of a vector to trigger a report. The report begins with a line that names the error class:</p><pre><code>==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow on address 0x6020000000fcREAD of size 4 at 0x6020000000fc thread T0 #0 ... std::__1::__format::__create_format_arg ... format_arg_store.h:191 ... #8 ... in main ch01_overflow.cpp:13</code></pre><p>The first line names the error and the address. The second line describes the access, the size, and the thread. The stack trace follows. Each frame shows a call site. The final frame points into <code>main</code> at the source line of the offending read. The trace lets you walk from the top‑level call down to the exact statement that violated the rule.</p><h2 id="part-of-the-nix-dev-shell"><a class="header" href="#part-of-the-nix-dev-shell">Part of the Nix dev shell</a></h2><p>The sanitizers are part of the Nix development shell. The file <code>flake.nix</code> provides the pinned toolchain, which includes LLVM 22.1.8. The shell sets <code>CC=clang</code> and <code>CXX=clang++</code>. The clang compiler ships the sanitizer runtimes, so the flags work without extra installation. Running <code>nix develop</code> and then the verify script builds every example and runs every test under the sanitizers.</p><p>The sanitizers are a test‑only configuration. They are not part of the shipping binary. The book enables them for the acceptance pipeline so that a memory error or an undefined operation in any example fails the build.</p><h2 id="try-this"><a class="header" href="#try-this">Try this</a></h2><p>Write a small program that allocates an array with <code>new[]</code>, reads one element past the end, and prints the value. Compile it with <code>-fsanitize=address,undefined</code> and run it. Confirm that ASan reports a heap‑buffer‑overflow with a stack trace that names your source line. Then write a program that adds two signed integers whose sum overflows, and confirm that UBSan reports the overflow while ASan stays silent.</p>
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