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A Tour of C++ for experienced programmers, as if C++26 is the only version that ever existed.
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<div id="mdbook-content" class="content"> <main> <h1 id="appendix-d-cmake"><a class="header" href="#appendix-d-cmake">Appendix D: CMake</a></h1><p>This appendix teaches CMake using the build setup of this book as the running example. CMake is a build‑system generator. It reads a description of the project and produces files for a native build tool. The book uses the Ninja generator. Ninja is a fast, low‑level build tool that CMake drives.</p><h2 id="configure-generate-build-test"><a class="header" href="#configure-generate-build-test">Configure, generate, build, test</a></h2><p>CMake separates configuration from building. The configure step reads <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> files and records the choices you make. The generate step writes the Ninja files. The build step compiles the targets. The test step runs the registered tests.</p><p>The book drives all four steps with one command sequence:</p><pre><code>cmake --preset devcmake --build build -jctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure</code></pre><p>The first command configures and generates. The preset <code>dev</code> supplies the generator and the build directory. The second command builds every target with <code>-j</code> for parallel jobs. The third command runs every test and prints the output of failing tests. This sequence is the acceptance gate for the book. The script <code>scripts/verify.sh</code> runs it inside the Nix development shell.</p><h2 id="the-project-file"><a class="header" href="#the-project-file">The project file</a></h2><p>The root <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> opens with a minimum version and a project name:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.30)project(tour_cpp26 LANGUAGES CXX)</code></pre><p>The version 3.30 guarantees that the features the book uses exist. The project declares that it uses only the C++ language. Three lines fix the language standard:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 26)set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)</code></pre><p>The standard is C++26, strictly. <code>CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON</code> refuses a compiler that cannot reach C++26. <code>CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF</code> forbids GNU extensions. The line <code>set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)</code> writes a <code>compile_commands.json</code> file that clangd and other tools consume.</p><h2 id="cache-variables-and-options"><a class="header" href="#cache-variables-and-options">Cache variables and options</a></h2><p>CMake stores configuration values in a cache. The <code>option</code> command declares a boolean cache variable with a default:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">option(BOOK_SANITIZE "Run example tests under AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer" ON)option(BOOK_ENABLE_GAPS "Build examples for C++26 features without shipping Clang support" OFF)option(BOOK_WERROR "Turn compiler warnings into errors for book_example targets" ON)</code></pre><p><code>BOOK_SANITIZE</code> turns the sanitizers on for example tests. It defaults to ON. <code>BOOK_ENABLE_GAPS</code> builds examples for C++26 features that lack shipping Clang support. It defaults to OFF. <code>BOOK_WERROR</code> turns warnings into errors for <code>book_example</code> targets. It defaults to ON. You override a default on the command line with <code>-D</code>:</p><pre><code>cmake --preset dev -DBOOK_ENABLE_GAPS=ON</code></pre><h2 id="the-cmakepresets-dev-preset"><a class="header" href="#the-cmakepresets-dev-preset">The CMakePresets dev preset</a></h2><p>A preset bundles configuration options under a name. The file <code>CMakePresets.json</code> defines the <code>dev</code> preset:</p><pre><code class="language-json">{ "name": "dev", "generator": "Ninja", "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build", "cacheVariables": { "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "RelWithDebInfo" }}</code></pre><p>The preset selects the Ninja generator. It places the build tree in the <code>build</code> directory beside the source. It sets the build type to <code>RelWithDebInfo</code>, which optimizes the code and keeps debug information. The preset also defines matching build and test presets, so <code>cmake --build build -j</code> and <code>ctest --test-dir build</code> work without extra flags.</p><h2 id="targets-and-subdirectories"><a class="header" href="#targets-and-subdirectories">Targets and subdirectories</a></h2><p>A target is a named unit of work. The command <code>add_executable</code> creates an executable target from a source file. The command <code>add_subdirectory</code> descends into a child directory and reads its <code>CMakeLists.txt</code>. The file <code>examples/CMakeLists.txt</code> calls <code>add_subdirectory</code> for each chapter directory:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">add_subdirectory(ch01)add_subdirectory(ch02)</code></pre><p>Each chapter directory holds one <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> that registers its examples. For example, <code>examples/ch01/CMakeLists.txt</code> contains:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">book_example(ch01_hello.cpp EXPECT "hello, world")book_demo(ch01_dangling.cpp)book_demo(ch01_overflow.cpp)</code></pre><p>The names <code>book_example</code> and <code>book_demo</code> are functions that the book defines. They are not CMake built‑ins.</p><h2 id="the-book_example-function"><a class="header" href="#the-book_example-function">The book_example function</a></h2><p>The functions live in <code>cmake/BookExample.cmake</code>. The root <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> adds that directory to the module path and includes the file:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")include(BookExample)</code></pre><p>The <code>book_example</code> function registers a real, fully‑checked example. Its body is:</p><pre><code class="language-cmake">function(book_example file) cmake_parse_arguments(arg "" "EXPECT" "" ${ARGN}) _book_add_target(t "${file}") target_compile_options(${t} PRIVATE ${BOOK_WARNING_FLAGS}) if(BOOK_WERROR) target_compile_options(${t} PRIVATE -Werror) endif() if(BOOK_SANITIZE) target_compile_options(${t} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined) target_link_options(${t} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined) endif() add_test(NAME ${t}_run COMMAND ${t}) if(arg_EXPECT) set_tests_properties(${t}_run PROPERTIES PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "${arg_EXPECT}") endif()endfunction()</code></pre><p>The helper <code>_book_add_target</code> derives the target name from the file name and calls <code>add_executable</code>. The function attaches the warning flags, the <code>-Werror</code> flag, and the sanitizer flags. It registers a CTest test named <code><name>_run</code>. When <code>EXPECT</code> is present, the test must match the given regular expression. The <code>book_demo</code> function registers a deliberately wrong example that compiles with warnings visible and no test. The <code>book_gap</code> function registers a C++26 feature target that builds only with <code>BOOK_ENABLE_GAPS=ON</code>.</p><p>The warning flags come from a list that includes the lifetime‑safety flag. The file probes the compiler with <code>check_cxx_compiler_flag</code> and <code>check_cxx_source_compiles</code> to discover which spelling of the lifetime‑safety analysis it accepts. It prefers <code>-Wlifetime-safety</code> and falls back to the experimental cc1 form.</p><h2 id="try-this"><a class="header" href="#try-this">Try this</a></h2><p>Open <code>cmake/BookExample.cmake</code>, compare <code>book_demo</code> to <code>book_example</code>, then run <code>cmake --preset dev -DBOOK_SANITIZE=OFF</code> to verify the build succeeds without sanitizer flags.</p>
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