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A Tour of C++ for experienced programmers, as if C++26 is the only version that ever existed.
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<h1 class="menu-title">A Tour of C++26</h1>
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<div id="mdbook-content" class="content"> <main> <h1 id="appendix-b-coming-from-other-languages"><a class="header" href="#appendix-b-coming-from-other-languages">Appendix B: coming from other languages</a></h1><p>This appendix maps what you already know from C, Rust, Lisp, and Prolog onto the C++ you have now read. It is one page per language, and it uses the vocabulary of the chapter each idea belongs to.</p><h2 id="from-c"><a class="header" href="#from-c">From C</a></h2><div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>You know</th><th>In C++ this is</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>char*</code> strings with a NUL terminator</td><td><code>std::string</code> when owned, <code>std::string_view</code> when borrowed (ch10)</td></tr><tr><td>Arrays that decay to pointers</td><td><code>std::array</code>, <code>std::span</code>, <code>std::vector</code> (ch11)</td></tr><tr><td><code>FILE*</code> and manual <code>fclose</code></td><td>an RAII wrapper whose destructor releases the handle (ch05, ch28)</td></tr><tr><td><code>errno</code> and sentinel returns</td><td><code>std::expected</code> and exceptions (ch09, ch28)</td></tr><tr><td><code>printf</code> with unchecked format strings</td><td><code>std::format</code> and <code>std::println</code>, checked at compile time (ch10)</td></tr><tr><td><code>qsort</code> with <code>void*</code> and a function pointer</td><td><code>std::ranges::sort</code> with a comparator and projection (ch12)</td></tr><tr><td>Manual <code>malloc</code>/<code>free</code></td><td><code>std::unique_ptr</code>, <code>std::vector</code>, and the Rule of Zero (ch05, ch06)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>C code works in C++ through the boundary discipline of chapter 28: <code>extern "C"</code> for linkage, spans and string views for C data, and RAII wrappers for C resources.</p><p>C++ retains C calling conventions, adds ownership, and replaces manual resource handling and unchecked formatting with RAII and compile‑time checked formatting.</p><h2 id="from-rust"><a class="header" href="#from-rust">From Rust</a></h2><div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>You know</th><th>In C++ this is</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Value semantics</td><td>value semantics, move semantics, and copy elision (ch05, ch29)</td></tr><tr><td>Ownership</td><td>a name owns a value. Ownership transfers on move (ch05)</td></tr><tr><td>The borrow checker</td><td>the lifetime-safety profile, <code>std::span</code>, <code>std::string_view</code>, and <code>-Wlifetime-safety</code> (ch07)</td></tr><tr><td><code>Option<T></code></td><td><code>std::optional</code> (ch03)</td></tr><tr><td><code>Result<T, E></code></td><td><code>std::expected</code> (ch03, ch09)</td></tr><tr><td>Enums with data</td><td><code>std::variant</code> plus <code>std::visit</code> (ch03)</td></tr><tr><td>Traits</td><td>concepts and <code>requires</code> clauses (ch17)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Rust enforces ownership and lifetimes at compile time. C++ provides the same tools but relies on the lifetime‑safety analysis and disciplined APIs (see Chapter 7).</p><p>Both languages share the same mental model of ownership. The difference is where a violation is caught.</p><h2 id="from-lisp"><a class="header" href="#from-lisp">From Lisp</a></h2><div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>You know</th><th>In C++ this is</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Macros that expand source</td><td>templates, which rewrite type patterns and are instantiated at compile time (ch16)</td></tr><tr><td>Compile-time evaluation</td><td><code>constexpr</code>, <code>consteval</code>, and the compile-time execution model (ch18)</td></tr><tr><td>A domain-specific language evaluated at compile time</td><td>the constexpr SQL capstone (ch22)</td></tr><tr><td>Functions as data</td><td>lambdas, <code>std::function</code>, and type erasure (ch14)</td></tr><tr><td>Recursive macros / term rewriting</td><td>template metaprogramming and pack expansion (ch16, ch21)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>C++ templates and constexpr supply compile‑time code generation analogous to Lisp macros.</p><p>Lisp rewrites source text. C++ rewrites type patterns and evaluates a restricted subset of the language at compile time.</p><h2 id="from-prolog"><a class="header" href="#from-prolog">From Prolog</a></h2><div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>You know</th><th>In C++ this is</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Unification</td><td>template argument deduction, which binds type parameters to concrete types (ch16)</td></tr><tr><td>Goal ordering / most specific rule</td><td>overload resolution and concept subsumption (ch17)</td></tr><tr><td>A term with a tag and arguments</td><td><code>std::variant</code> plus <code>std::visit</code> (ch03)</td></tr><tr><td>Backtracking search</td><td>Not in the language. Express it explicitly with recursion or a search loop</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The strongest analogy is deduction: Prolog unifies a query against rules, and C++ unifies a call against template patterns and selects the most specific viable match. Chapter 17 frames concept subsumption in exactly these terms.</p><p>The difference is control. Prolog searches for a solution and can backtrack. C++ resolves a call once at compile time and does not search at runtime. The shared idea is pattern matching against a set of rules, with the most specific rule winning.</p>
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