diff --git a/packages/vitest/src/runtime/runners/test.ts b/packages/vitest/src/runtime/runners/test.ts
index 42d2c5bb4..321dfe105 100644
--- a/packages/vitest/src/runtime/runners/test.ts
+++ b/packages/vitest/src/runtime/runners/test.ts
@@ -57,11 +57,9 @@ export class TestRunner implements VitestTestRunner {
   }
 
   importFile(filepath: string, source: VitestRunnerImportSource): unknown {
-    if (source === 'setup') {
-      const moduleNode = this.workerState.evaluatedModules.getModuleById(filepath)
-      if (moduleNode) {
-        this.workerState.evaluatedModules.invalidateModule(moduleNode)
-      }
+    const moduleNode = this.workerState.evaluatedModules.getModuleById(filepath)
+    if (moduleNode && (source === 'setup' || moduleNode.evaluated)) {
+      this.workerState.evaluatedModules.invalidateModule(moduleNode)
     }
     return this._otel.$(
       `vitest.module.import_${source === 'setup' ? 'setup' : 'spec'}`,
diff --git a/test/e2e/test/in-source-collect.test.ts b/test/e2e/test/in-source-collect.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e96293bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/test/in-source-collect.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import { expect, test } from 'vitest'
+import { runInlineTests, StableTestFileOrderSorter, ts } from '../../test-utils'
+
+// https://github.com/vitest-dev/vitest/issues/10577
+test('in-source tests are collected when another test file has already put the source file in the module cache', async () => {
+  const { stderr, testTree } = await runInlineTests({
+    '1-math.test.ts': ts`
+      import { expect, test } from 'vitest'
+      import { add } from './2-math.js'
+
+      test('add', () => {
+        expect(add(1, 2)).toBe(3)
+      })
+    `,
+    '2-math.ts': ts`
+      export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
+        return a + b
+      }
+
+      if (import.meta.vitest) {
+        const { test, expect } = import.meta.vitest
+        test('add in-source', () => {
+          expect(add(1, 2)).toBe(3)
+        })
+      }
+    `,
+    'vitest.config.ts': {
+      test: {
+        includeSource: ['**/*.ts'],
+        // keep all files in a single worker so `2-math.ts` stays in the module cache
+        isolate: false,
+        maxWorkers: 1,
+      },
+    },
+  }, {
+    sequence: { sequencer: StableTestFileOrderSorter },
+  })
+
+  expect(stderr).toBe('')
+  expect(testTree()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "1-math.test.ts": {
+        "add": "passed",
+      },
+      "2-math.ts": {
+        "add in-source": "passed",
+      },
+    }
+  `)
+})
+
+test('in-source tests in non-js files are transformed by extension-checking plugins when the module is cached', async () => {
+  const { stderr, testTree } = await runInlineTests({
+    '1-math.test.ts': ts`
+      import { expect, test } from 'vitest'
+      import { add } from './2-math.custom'
+
+      test('add', () => {
+        expect(add(1, 2)).toBe(3)
+      })
+    `,
+    '2-math.custom': ts`
+      lang custom
+      export function add(a, b) {
+        return a + b
+      }
+
+      if (import.meta.vitest) {
+        const { test, expect } = import.meta.vitest
+        test('add in-source', () => {
+          expect(add(1, 2)).toBe(3)
+        })
+      }
+    `,
+    'vitest.config.ts': `
+      import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
+
+      export default defineConfig({
+        plugins: [
+          {
+            name: 'custom-lang',
+            transform(code, id) {
+              if (!id.endsWith('.custom')) {
+                return
+              }
+              return { code: code.replace('lang custom', ''), map: null }
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        test: {
+          includeSource: ['**/*.custom'],
+          isolate: false,
+          maxWorkers: 1,
+        },
+      })
+    `,
+  }, {
+    sequence: { sequencer: StableTestFileOrderSorter },
+  })
+
+  expect(stderr).toBe('')
+  expect(testTree()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "1-math.test.ts": {
+        "add": "passed",
+      },
+      "2-math.custom": {
+        "add in-source": "passed",
+      },
+    }
+  `)
+})