diff --git a/docs/api/mock.md b/docs/api/mock.md
index ccdefd837..860e2c0d4 100644
--- a/docs/api/mock.md
+++ b/docs/api/mock.md
@@ -50,6 +50,47 @@ fn.length // == 2
 The custom function implementation in the types below is marked with a generic `<T>`.
 :::
 
+::: warning Class Support {#class-support}
+Shorthand methods like `mockReturnValue`, `mockReturnValueOnce`, `mockResolvedValue` and others cannot be used on a mocked class. Class constructors have [unintuitive behaviour](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/constructor) regarding the return value:
+
+```ts {2,7}
+const CorrectDogClass = vi.fn(class {
+  constructor(public name: string) {}
+})
+
+const IncorrectDogClass = vi.fn(class {
+  constructor(public name: string) {
+    return { name }
+  }
+})
+
+const Marti = new CorrectDogClass('Marti')
+const Newt = new IncorrectDogClass('Newt')
+
+Marti instanceof CorrectDogClass // ✅ true
+Newt instanceof IncorrectDogClass // ❌ false!
+```
+
+Even though the shapes are the same, the _return value_ from the constructor is assigned to `Newt`, which is a plain object, not an instance of a mock. Vitest guards you against this behaviour in shorthand methods (but not in `mockImplementation`!) and throws an error instead.
+
+If you need to mock constructed instance of a class, consider using the `class` syntax with `mockImplementation` instead:
+
+```ts
+mock.mockReturnValue({ hello: () => 'world' }) // [!code --]
+mock.mockImplementation(class { hello = () => 'world' }) // [!code ++]
+```
+
+If you need to test the behaviour where this is a valid use case, you can use `mockImplementation` with a `constructor`:
+
+```ts
+mock.mockImplementation(class {
+  constructor(name: string) {
+    return { name }
+  }
+})
+```
+:::
+
 ## getMockImplementation
 
 ```ts
diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js
index bf294817a..08519157a 100644
--- a/eslint.config.js
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ export default antfu(
       `**/*.md/${GLOB_SRC}`,
     ],
     rules: {
+      'prefer-arrow-callback': 'off',
       'perfectionist/sort-imports': 'off',
       'style/max-statements-per-line': 'off',
       'import/newline-after-import': 'off',
diff --git a/packages/spy/src/index.ts b/packages/spy/src/index.ts
index 623f5f7db..0b20accc9 100644
--- a/packages/spy/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/spy/src/index.ts
@@ -121,27 +121,63 @@ export function createMockInstance(options: MockInstanceOption = {}): Mock<Proce
   }
 
   mock.mockReturnValue = function mockReturnValue(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementation(() => value)
+    return mock.mockImplementation(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockReturnValue')
+      }
+
+      return value
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockReturnValueOnce = function mockReturnValueOnce(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(() => value)
+    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockReturnValueOnce')
+      }
+
+      return value
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockResolvedValue = function mockResolvedValue(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementation(() => Promise.resolve(value))
+    return mock.mockImplementation(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockResolvedValue')
+      }
+
+      return Promise.resolve(value)
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockResolvedValueOnce = function mockResolvedValueOnce(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(() => Promise.resolve(value))
+    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockResolvedValueOnce')
+      }
+
+      return Promise.resolve(value)
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockRejectedValue = function mockRejectedValue(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementation(() => Promise.reject(value))
+    return mock.mockImplementation(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockRejectedValue')
+      }
+
+      return Promise.reject(value)
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockRejectedValueOnce = function mockRejectedValueOnce(value) {
-    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(() => Promise.reject(value))
+    return mock.mockImplementationOnce(function () {
+      if (new.target) {
+        throwConstructorError('mockRejectedValueOnce')
+      }
+
+      return Promise.reject(value)
+    })
   }
 
   mock.mockClear = function mockClear() {
@@ -644,6 +680,12 @@ export function resetAllMocks(): void {
   REGISTERED_MOCKS.forEach(mock => mock.mockReset())
 }
 
+function throwConstructorError(shorthand: string): never {
+  throw new TypeError(
+    `Cannot use \`${shorthand}\` when called with \`new\`. Use \`mockImplementation\` with a \`class\` keyword instead. See https://vitest.dev/api/mock#class-support for more information.`,
+  )
+}
+
 export type {
   Constructable,
   MaybeMocked,
diff --git a/packages/spy/src/types.ts b/packages/spy/src/types.ts
index fad6e7ae0..f7b91c4f9 100644
--- a/packages/spy/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/spy/src/types.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export type MockParameters<T extends Procedure | Constructable> = T extends Cons
     ? Parameters<T> : never
 
 export type MockReturnType<T extends Procedure | Constructable> = T extends Constructable
-  ? void
+  ? InstanceType<T>
   : T extends Procedure
     ? ReturnType<T> : never
 
diff --git a/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test-d.ts b/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test-d.ts
index da996bfe1..97b35ebd2 100644
--- a/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test-d.ts
+++ b/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test-d.ts
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ test('spy.mock when implementation is a class', () => {
   const Mock = vi.fn(Klass)
 
   expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.calls).toEqualTypeOf<[a: string, b?: number][]>()
-  expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.results).toEqualTypeOf<MockResult<void>[]>()
+  expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.results).toEqualTypeOf<MockResult<Klass>[]>()
   expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.contexts).toEqualTypeOf<Klass[]>()
   expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.instances).toEqualTypeOf<Klass[]>()
   expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.invocationCallOrder).toEqualTypeOf<number[]>()
-  expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.settledResults).toEqualTypeOf<MockSettledResult<void>[]>()
+  expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.settledResults).toEqualTypeOf<MockSettledResult<Klass>[]>()
   expectTypeOf(Mock.mock.lastCall).toEqualTypeOf<[a: string, b?: number] | undefined>()
 
   // static properties are defined
diff --git a/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test.ts b/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test.ts
index b85263328..5505c1b70 100644
--- a/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test.ts
+++ b/test/core/test/mocking/vi-fn.test.ts
@@ -716,6 +716,54 @@ describe('vi.fn() implementations', () => {
     expect(callArgs).toEqual(['test', 42])
     expect(Mock.mock.calls).toEqual([['test', 42]])
   })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockReturnValue throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockReturnValue(42)
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockReturnValue` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockReturnValueOnce throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockReturnValueOnce(42)
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockReturnValueOnce` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockResolvedValue throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockResolvedValue(42)
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockResolvedValue` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockResolvedValueOnce throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockResolvedValueOnce(42)
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockResolvedValueOnce` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockRejectedValue throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('test'))
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockRejectedValue` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('vi.fn() with mockRejectedValueOnce throws when called with new', () => {
+    const Mock = vi.fn()
+    Mock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('test'))
+    expect(() => new Mock()).toThrowError(
+      'Cannot use `mockRejectedValueOnce` when called with `new`. Use `mockImplementation` with a `class` keyword instead.',
+    )
+  })
 })
 
 function assertStateEmpty(state: MockContext<any>) {