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class="breadcrumbs"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_ilNI"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Guides</span></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Database</span></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Postgres → SQLite Migration</span></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_vaUl theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_CcuZ"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton__AHn">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Migrating from Postgres to SQLite</h1></header><p>This guide covers migrating an existing HappyView deployment from Postgres to SQLite. If you are staying on Postgres, no action is required.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="overview">Overview<a href="#overview" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Overview" title="Direct link to Overview" translate="no"></a></h2><p>HappyView now defaults to SQLite and writes all internal SQL in SQLite syntax. When running against Postgres, HappyView translates queries automatically. However, if you have <strong>Lua scripts</strong> that contain raw Postgres SQL, those scripts need to be updated to use SQLite syntax instead.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="step-1-export-your-data">Step 1: Export your data<a href="#step-1-export-your-data" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Step 1: Export your data" title="Direct link to Step 1: Export your data" translate="no"></a></h2><p>Back up your Postgres database before making any changes:</p><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_ei_j theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_p9UO"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_NBAy thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_AQpN"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">pg_dump -U happyview happyview > happyview_backup.sql</span><br></div></code></pre></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="step-2-update-environment-variables">Step 2: Update environment variables<a href="#step-2-update-environment-variables" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Step 2: Update environment variables" title="Direct link to Step 2: Update environment variables" translate="no"></a></h2><p>Change your <code>.env</code> to use SQLite:</p><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_ei_j theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_p9UO"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_NBAy thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_AQpN"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"># Before</span><br></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">DATABASE_URL=postgres://happyview:happyview@localhost/happyview</span><br></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"># After</span><br></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">DATABASE_URL=sqlite://data/happyview.db?mode=rwc</span><br></div></code></pre></div></div><p>If you had <code>DATABASE_BACKEND</code> set, update it as well:</p><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_ei_j theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_p9UO"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_NBAy thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_AQpN"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">DATABASE_BACKEND=sqlite</span><br></div></code></pre></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="step-3-migrate-lua-scripts">Step 3: Migrate Lua scripts<a href="#step-3-migrate-lua-scripts" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Step 3: Migrate Lua scripts" title="Direct link to Step 3: Migrate Lua scripts" translate="no"></a></h2><p>If you have Lua scripts with raw SQL queries, they need to be converted from Postgres syntax to SQLite syntax. A codemod tool is provided to automate this.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="run-the-codemod-tool">Run the codemod tool<a href="#run-the-codemod-tool" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Run the codemod tool" title="Direct link to Run the codemod tool" translate="no"></a></h3><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_ei_j theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_p9UO"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_NBAy thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_AQpN"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">cargo run --bin migrate-lua-sql -- /path/to/lua/scripts</span><br></div></code></pre></div></div><p>The tool scans all <code>.lua</code> files in the given directory and rewrites Postgres SQL patterns to SQLite equivalents.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="what-the-codemod-converts-automatically">What the codemod converts automatically<a href="#what-the-codemod-converts-automatically" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to What the codemod converts automatically" title="Direct link to What the codemod converts automatically" translate="no"></a></h3><ul><li class=""><code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, etc. parameter placeholders to <code>?</code></li><li class="">JSON operators (<code>-></code>, <code>->></code>) and <code>::jsonb</code> casts to <code>json_extract()</code> calls</li><li class=""><code>ILIKE</code> to <code>LIKE</code> (SQLite <code>LIKE</code> is case-insensitive for ASCII by default)</li><li class=""><code>NOW()</code> to <code>datetime('now')</code></li><li class=""><code>NOW() + INTERVAL '...'</code> / <code>NOW() - INTERVAL '...'</code> to <code>datetime('now', '...')</code></li><li class=""><code>TRUE</code>/<code>FALSE</code> literals to <code>1</code>/<code>0</code></li></ul><h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="what-it-flags-for-manual-review">What it flags for manual review<a href="#what-it-flags-for-manual-review" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to What it flags for manual review" title="Direct link to What it flags for manual review" translate="no"></a></h3><p>The tool prints warnings for patterns it cannot convert automatically:</p><ul><li class="">JSONB <code>?</code> (contains-key) operator — consider using <code>json_each()</code> with an <code>EXISTS</code> subquery</li><li class=""><code>make_interval()</code> — Postgres-specific, needs manual conversion</li><li class=""><code>SIMILAR TO</code> — use <code>LIKE</code> or <code>GLOB</code> instead</li><li class=""><code>ANY()</code> / <code>ALL()</code> array operators — no direct SQLite equivalent</li><li class="">Type casts other than <code>::jsonb</code> (e.g., <code>::text</code>, <code>::integer</code>) — may need manual conversion to <code>CAST(... AS ...)</code></li></ul><p>Review the flagged lines and update them manually.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="step-4-import-data-into-sqlite">Step 4: Import data into SQLite<a href="#step-4-import-data-into-sqlite" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Step 4: Import data into SQLite" title="Direct link to Step 4: Import data into SQLite" translate="no"></a></h2><p>Start HappyView with the new <code>DATABASE_URL</code>. It will create the SQLite database and run migrations automatically. If you need to import existing records, use the backfill feature to re-index from the network:</p><ol><li class="">Start HappyView with the new SQLite <code>DATABASE_URL</code></li><li class="">Upload your lexicons via the dashboard or admin API</li><li class="">Run a backfill for each collection (dashboard or <code>POST /admin/backfill</code>)</li></ol><p>For small datasets, this is the simplest approach since backfill fetches all records fresh from the network.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="step-5-update-docker-compose-if-applicable">Step 5: Update Docker Compose (if applicable)<a href="#step-5-update-docker-compose-if-applicable" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Step 5: Update Docker Compose (if applicable)" title="Direct link to Step 5: Update Docker Compose (if applicable)" translate="no"></a></h2><p>If you were running Postgres via Docker Compose, you can now comment out the <code>postgres</code> service since it is no longer needed. See the <a class="" href="/guides/database-setup#docker-compose">database setup guide</a> for details.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="rollback">Rollback<a href="#rollback" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Rollback" title="Direct link to Rollback" translate="no"></a></h2><p>To switch back to Postgres, revert your <code>DATABASE_URL</code> to the Postgres connection string. Your Postgres database remains unchanged — HappyView does not modify it during the migration to SQLite.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_zGuS" id="next-steps">Next steps<a href="#next-steps" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Next steps" title="Direct link to Next steps" translate="no"></a></h2><ul><li class=""><a class="" href="/guides/sqlite-to-postgres-migration">SQLite → Postgres migration</a> — migrate in the opposite direction</li><li class=""><a class="" href="/guides/database-setup">Database setup</a> — choose between SQLite and Postgres for new instances</li><li class=""><a class="" href="/guides/backfill">Backfill</a> — re-index records from the network after switching backends</li><li class=""><a class="" href="/guides/scripting">Lua scripting</a> — write SQL that works against either backend</li></ul></div></article><nav class="docusaurus-mt-lg pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/guides/database-setup"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Database Setup</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/guides/sqlite-to-postgres-migration"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">SQLite → Postgres Migration</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_X45M thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#overview" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#step-1-export-your-data" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Step 1: Export your data</a></li><li><a href="#step-2-update-environment-variables" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Step 2: Update environment variables</a></li><li><a href="#step-3-migrate-lua-scripts" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Step 3: Migrate Lua scripts</a><ul><li><a href="#run-the-codemod-tool" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Run the codemod tool</a></li><li><a href="#what-the-codemod-converts-automatically" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">What the codemod converts automatically</a></li><li><a href="#what-it-flags-for-manual-review" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">What it flags for manual review</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#step-4-import-data-into-sqlite" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Step 4: Import data into SQLite</a></li><li><a href="#step-5-update-docker-compose-if-applicable" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Step 5: Update Docker Compose (if applicable)</a></li><li><a href="#rollback" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Rollback</a></li><li><a href="#next-steps" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Next steps</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="theme-layout-footer footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2026 <a href="https://birb.house">Birbhouse Games</a>.</div></div></div></footer></div></body></html>