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+# Direct Authorization Support Implementation Plan
+
+> **For Claude:** REQUIRED SUB-SKILL: Use superpowers:executing-plans to implement this plan task-by-task.
+
+**Goal:** Support direct OAuth authorization requests (without PAR) to match the official AT Protocol PDS behavior.
+
+**Architecture:** When `/oauth/authorize` receives direct parameters instead of a `request_uri`, create an authorization request record on-the-fly (same as PAR does internally), then render the consent page. The token endpoint will bind DPoP at exchange time for direct auth flows.
+
+**Tech Stack:** JavaScript, Cloudflare Workers, SQLite
+
+---
+
+## Task 1: Add Tests for Direct Authorization
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `test/e2e.test.js`
+
+**Step 1: Write failing test for direct authorization GET**
+
+Add this test in the `OAuth endpoints` describe block (after existing OAuth tests around line 1452):
+
+```javascript
+    it('supports direct authorization without PAR', async () => {
+      const clientId = `http://localhost:${mockClientPort}/client-metadata.json`;
+      const redirectUri = `http://localhost:${mockClientPort}/callback`;
+      const codeVerifier = 'test-verifier-for-direct-auth-flow-min-43-chars!!';
+      const codeChallenge = await generateCodeChallenge(codeVerifier);
+      const state = 'test-direct-auth-state';
+
+      // Step 1: GET authorize with direct parameters (no PAR)
+      const authorizeUrl = new URL(`${BASE}/oauth/authorize`);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('client_id', clientId);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('redirect_uri', redirectUri);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('response_type', 'code');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('scope', 'atproto');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge', codeChallenge);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge_method', 'S256');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('state', state);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('login_hint', DID);
+
+      const getRes = await fetch(authorizeUrl.toString());
+      assert.strictEqual(getRes.status, 200, 'Direct authorize GET should succeed');
+
+      const html = await getRes.text();
+      assert.ok(html.includes('Authorize'), 'Should show consent page');
+      assert.ok(html.includes('request_uri'), 'Should include request_uri in form');
+    });
+```
+
+**Step 2: Run test to verify it fails**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep "supports direct authorization"`
+
+Expected: FAIL with "Direct authorize GET should succeed" - status will be 400 "Missing parameters"
+
+**Step 3: Add test for full direct auth flow**
+
+Add after the previous test:
+
+```javascript
+    it('completes full direct authorization flow', async () => {
+      const clientId = `http://localhost:${mockClientPort}/client-metadata.json`;
+      const redirectUri = `http://localhost:${mockClientPort}/callback`;
+      const codeVerifier = 'test-verifier-for-direct-auth-flow-min-43-chars!!';
+      const codeChallenge = await generateCodeChallenge(codeVerifier);
+      const state = 'test-direct-auth-state';
+
+      // Step 1: GET authorize with direct parameters
+      const authorizeUrl = new URL(`${BASE}/oauth/authorize`);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('client_id', clientId);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('redirect_uri', redirectUri);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('response_type', 'code');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('scope', 'atproto');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge', codeChallenge);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge_method', 'S256');
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('state', state);
+      authorizeUrl.searchParams.set('login_hint', DID);
+
+      const getRes = await fetch(authorizeUrl.toString());
+      assert.strictEqual(getRes.status, 200);
+      const html = await getRes.text();
+
+      // Extract request_uri from the form
+      const requestUriMatch = html.match(/name="request_uri" value="([^"]+)"/);
+      assert.ok(requestUriMatch, 'Should have request_uri in form');
+      const requestUri = requestUriMatch[1];
+
+      // Step 2: POST to authorize (user approval)
+      const authRes = await fetch(`${BASE}/oauth/authorize`, {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
+        body: new URLSearchParams({
+          request_uri: requestUri,
+          client_id: clientId,
+          password: PASSWORD,
+        }).toString(),
+        redirect: 'manual',
+      });
+
+      assert.strictEqual(authRes.status, 302, 'Should redirect after approval');
+      const location = authRes.headers.get('location');
+      assert.ok(location, 'Should have Location header');
+      const locationUrl = new URL(location);
+      const code = locationUrl.searchParams.get('code');
+      assert.ok(code, 'Should have authorization code');
+      assert.strictEqual(locationUrl.searchParams.get('state'), state);
+
+      // Step 3: Exchange code for tokens
+      const { privateKey: dpopPrivateKey, publicJwk: dpopPublicJwk } =
+        await generateDpopKeyPair();
+      const dpopProof = await createDpopProof(
+        dpopPrivateKey,
+        dpopPublicJwk,
+        'POST',
+        `${BASE}/oauth/token`,
+      );
+
+      const tokenRes = await fetch(`${BASE}/oauth/token`, {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+          DPoP: dpopProof,
+        },
+        body: new URLSearchParams({
+          grant_type: 'authorization_code',
+          code,
+          redirect_uri: redirectUri,
+          client_id: clientId,
+          code_verifier: codeVerifier,
+        }).toString(),
+      });
+
+      assert.strictEqual(tokenRes.status, 200, 'Token exchange should succeed');
+      const tokenData = await tokenRes.json();
+      assert.ok(tokenData.access_token, 'Should have access_token');
+      assert.strictEqual(tokenData.token_type, 'DPoP');
+    });
+```
+
+**Step 4: Run tests to verify they fail**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep "direct authorization"`
+
+Expected: Both tests FAIL
+
+**Step 5: Commit test file**
+
+```bash
+git add test/e2e.test.js
+git commit -m "test: add failing tests for direct OAuth authorization flow"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 2: Extract Shared Validation Logic
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/pds.js:3737-3845` (handleOAuthPar method)
+
+**Step 1: Create validateAuthorizationParameters helper**
+
+Add this new method to the PersonalDataServer class, before `handleOAuthPar` (around line 3730):
+
+```javascript
+  /**
+   * Validate OAuth authorization request parameters.
+   * Shared between PAR and direct authorization flows.
+   * @param {Object} params - The authorization parameters
+   * @param {string} params.clientId - The client_id
+   * @param {string} params.redirectUri - The redirect_uri
+   * @param {string} params.responseType - The response_type
+   * @param {string} [params.responseMode] - The response_mode
+   * @param {string} [params.scope] - The scope
+   * @param {string} [params.state] - The state
+   * @param {string} params.codeChallenge - The code_challenge
+   * @param {string} params.codeChallengeMethod - The code_challenge_method
+   * @param {string} [params.loginHint] - The login_hint
+   * @returns {Promise<{error: Response} | {clientMetadata: ClientMetadata}>}
+   */
+  async validateAuthorizationParameters({
+    clientId,
+    redirectUri,
+    responseType,
+    codeChallenge,
+    codeChallengeMethod,
+  }) {
+    if (!clientId) {
+      return { error: errorResponse('invalid_request', 'client_id required', 400) };
+    }
+    if (!redirectUri) {
+      return { error: errorResponse('invalid_request', 'redirect_uri required', 400) };
+    }
+    if (responseType !== 'code') {
+      return {
+        error: errorResponse(
+          'unsupported_response_type',
+          'response_type must be code',
+          400,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+    if (!codeChallenge || codeChallengeMethod !== 'S256') {
+      return { error: errorResponse('invalid_request', 'PKCE with S256 required', 400) };
+    }
+
+    let clientMetadata;
+    try {
+      clientMetadata = await getClientMetadata(clientId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      return { error: errorResponse('invalid_client', err.message, 400) };
+    }
+
+    // Validate redirect_uri against registered URIs
+    const isLoopback =
+      clientId.startsWith('http://localhost') ||
+      clientId.startsWith('http://127.0.0.1');
+    const redirectUriValid = clientMetadata.redirect_uris.some((uri) => {
+      if (isLoopback) {
+        try {
+          const registered = new URL(uri);
+          const requested = new URL(redirectUri);
+          return registered.origin === requested.origin;
+        } catch {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return uri === redirectUri;
+    });
+    if (!redirectUriValid) {
+      return {
+        error: errorResponse(
+          'invalid_request',
+          'redirect_uri not registered for this client',
+          400,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    return { clientMetadata };
+  }
+```
+
+**Step 2: Run existing tests to verify nothing broke**
+
+Run: `npm test`
+
+Expected: All existing tests PASS (new method not called yet)
+
+**Step 3: Commit**
+
+```bash
+git add src/pds.js
+git commit -m "refactor: extract validateAuthorizationParameters helper"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 3: Refactor handleOAuthPar to Use Shared Validation
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/pds.js:3737-3845` (handleOAuthPar method)
+
+**Step 1: Update handleOAuthPar to use the new helper**
+
+Replace the validation section in `handleOAuthPar` (lines ~3760-3815) with:
+
+```javascript
+  async handleOAuthPar(request, url) {
+    // Opportunistically clean up expired authorization requests
+    this.cleanupExpiredAuthorizationRequests();
+
+    const issuer = `${url.protocol}//${url.host}`;
+
+    const dpopResult = await this.validateRequiredDpop(
+      request,
+      'POST',
+      `${issuer}/oauth/par`,
+    );
+    if ('error' in dpopResult) return dpopResult.error;
+    const { dpop } = dpopResult;
+
+    // Parse body - support both JSON and form-encoded
+    /** @type {Record<string, string|undefined>} */
+    let data;
+    try {
+      data = await parseRequestBody(request);
+    } catch {
+      return errorResponse('invalid_request', 'Invalid JSON body', 400);
+    }
+
+    const clientId = data.client_id;
+    const redirectUri = data.redirect_uri;
+    const responseType = data.response_type;
+    const responseMode = data.response_mode;
+    const scope = data.scope;
+    const state = data.state;
+    const codeChallenge = data.code_challenge;
+    const codeChallengeMethod = data.code_challenge_method;
+    const loginHint = data.login_hint;
+
+    // Use shared validation
+    const validationResult = await this.validateAuthorizationParameters({
+      clientId,
+      redirectUri,
+      responseType,
+      codeChallenge,
+      codeChallengeMethod,
+    });
+    if ('error' in validationResult) return validationResult.error;
+    const { clientMetadata } = validationResult;
+
+    const requestId = crypto.randomUUID();
+    const requestUri = `urn:ietf:params:oauth:request_uri:${requestId}`;
+    const expiresIn = 600;
+    const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + expiresIn * 1000).toISOString();
+
+    this.sql.exec(
+      `INSERT INTO authorization_requests (
+        id, client_id, client_metadata, parameters,
+        code_challenge, code_challenge_method, dpop_jkt,
+        expires_at, created_at
+      ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+      requestId,
+      clientId,
+      JSON.stringify(clientMetadata),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        redirect_uri: redirectUri,
+        scope,
+        state,
+        response_mode: responseMode,
+        login_hint: loginHint,
+      }),
+      codeChallenge,
+      codeChallengeMethod,
+      dpop.jkt,
+      expiresAt,
+      new Date().toISOString(),
+    );
+
+    return Response.json({ request_uri: requestUri, expires_in: expiresIn });
+  }
+```
+
+**Step 2: Run all OAuth tests to verify PAR still works**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep OAuth`
+
+Expected: All existing OAuth tests PASS
+
+**Step 3: Commit**
+
+```bash
+git add src/pds.js
+git commit -m "refactor: use validateAuthorizationParameters in handleOAuthPar"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 4: Implement Direct Authorization in handleOAuthAuthorizeGet
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/pds.js:3869-3911` (handleOAuthAuthorizeGet method)
+
+**Step 1: Update handleOAuthAuthorizeGet to handle direct parameters**
+
+Replace the entire `handleOAuthAuthorizeGet` method:
+
+```javascript
+  /**
+   * Handle GET /oauth/authorize - displays the consent UI.
+   * Supports both PAR (request_uri) and direct authorization parameters.
+   * @param {URL} url - Parsed request URL
+   * @returns {Promise<Response>} HTML consent page
+   */
+  async handleOAuthAuthorizeGet(url) {
+    // Opportunistically clean up expired authorization requests
+    this.cleanupExpiredAuthorizationRequests();
+
+    const requestUri = url.searchParams.get('request_uri');
+    const clientId = url.searchParams.get('client_id');
+
+    // If request_uri is present, use PAR flow
+    if (requestUri) {
+      if (!clientId) {
+        return new Response('Missing client_id parameter', { status: 400 });
+      }
+
+      const match = requestUri.match(/^urn:ietf:params:oauth:request_uri:(.+)$/);
+      if (!match) return new Response('Invalid request_uri', { status: 400 });
+
+      const rows = this.sql
+        .exec(
+          `SELECT * FROM authorization_requests WHERE id = ? AND client_id = ?`,
+          match[1],
+          clientId,
+        )
+        .toArray();
+      const authRequest = rows[0];
+
+      if (!authRequest) return new Response('Request not found', { status: 400 });
+      if (new Date(/** @type {string} */ (authRequest.expires_at)) < new Date())
+        return new Response('Request expired', { status: 400 });
+      if (authRequest.code)
+        return new Response('Request already used', { status: 400 });
+
+      const clientMetadata = JSON.parse(
+        /** @type {string} */ (authRequest.client_metadata),
+      );
+      const parameters = JSON.parse(
+        /** @type {string} */ (authRequest.parameters),
+      );
+
+      return new Response(
+        renderConsentPage({
+          clientName: clientMetadata.client_name || clientId,
+          clientId: clientId || '',
+          scope: parameters.scope || 'atproto',
+          requestUri: requestUri || '',
+        }),
+        { status: 200, headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8' } },
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Direct authorization flow - create request on-the-fly
+    if (!clientId) {
+      return new Response('Missing client_id parameter', { status: 400 });
+    }
+
+    const redirectUri = url.searchParams.get('redirect_uri');
+    const responseType = url.searchParams.get('response_type');
+    const responseMode = url.searchParams.get('response_mode');
+    const scope = url.searchParams.get('scope');
+    const state = url.searchParams.get('state');
+    const codeChallenge = url.searchParams.get('code_challenge');
+    const codeChallengeMethod = url.searchParams.get('code_challenge_method');
+    const loginHint = url.searchParams.get('login_hint');
+
+    // Validate parameters using shared helper
+    const validationResult = await this.validateAuthorizationParameters({
+      clientId,
+      redirectUri,
+      responseType,
+      codeChallenge,
+      codeChallengeMethod,
+    });
+    if ('error' in validationResult) return validationResult.error;
+    const { clientMetadata } = validationResult;
+
+    // Create authorization request record (same as PAR but without DPoP)
+    const requestId = crypto.randomUUID();
+    const newRequestUri = `urn:ietf:params:oauth:request_uri:${requestId}`;
+    const expiresIn = 600;
+    const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + expiresIn * 1000).toISOString();
+
+    this.sql.exec(
+      `INSERT INTO authorization_requests (
+        id, client_id, client_metadata, parameters,
+        code_challenge, code_challenge_method, dpop_jkt,
+        expires_at, created_at
+      ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+      requestId,
+      clientId,
+      JSON.stringify(clientMetadata),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        redirect_uri: redirectUri,
+        scope,
+        state,
+        response_mode: responseMode,
+        login_hint: loginHint,
+      }),
+      codeChallenge,
+      codeChallengeMethod,
+      null, // No DPoP for direct authorization - will be bound at token exchange
+      expiresAt,
+      new Date().toISOString(),
+    );
+
+    return new Response(
+      renderConsentPage({
+        clientName: clientMetadata.client_name || clientId,
+        clientId: clientId,
+        scope: scope || 'atproto',
+        requestUri: newRequestUri,
+      }),
+      { status: 200, headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8' } },
+    );
+  }
+```
+
+**Step 2: Run the first direct auth test**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep "supports direct authorization without PAR"`
+
+Expected: PASS
+
+**Step 3: Commit**
+
+```bash
+git add src/pds.js
+git commit -m "feat: support direct authorization in handleOAuthAuthorizeGet"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 5: Update Token Endpoint for Null DPoP Binding
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/pds.js:4097-4098` (handleAuthCodeGrant method)
+
+**Step 1: Update DPoP validation to handle null dpop_jkt**
+
+Find the DPoP check in `handleAuthCodeGrant` (around line 4097) and replace:
+
+```javascript
+    if (authRequest.dpop_jkt !== dpop.jkt)
+      return errorResponse('invalid_dpop_proof', 'DPoP key mismatch', 400);
+```
+
+With:
+
+```javascript
+    // For PAR flow, dpop_jkt is set at PAR time and must match
+    // For direct authorization, dpop_jkt is null and we bind to the token request's DPoP
+    if (authRequest.dpop_jkt !== null && authRequest.dpop_jkt !== dpop.jkt) {
+      return errorResponse('invalid_dpop_proof', 'DPoP key mismatch', 400);
+    }
+```
+
+**Step 2: Run full direct auth flow test**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep "completes full direct authorization flow"`
+
+Expected: PASS
+
+**Step 3: Run all OAuth tests to verify nothing broke**
+
+Run: `npm test -- --grep OAuth`
+
+Expected: All OAuth tests PASS
+
+**Step 4: Commit**
+
+```bash
+git add src/pds.js
+git commit -m "feat: allow null dpop_jkt binding for direct authorization"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 6: Update AS Metadata
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/pds.js:3695` (handleOAuthAuthServerMetadata method)
+
+**Step 1: Change require_pushed_authorization_requests to false**
+
+Find line 3695 and change:
+
+```javascript
+      require_pushed_authorization_requests: true,
+```
+
+To:
+
+```javascript
+      require_pushed_authorization_requests: false,
+```
+
+**Step 2: Update the e2e test expectation**
+
+Find the AS metadata test in `test/e2e.test.js` (around line 541) and change:
+
+```javascript
+      assert.strictEqual(data.require_pushed_authorization_requests, true);
+```
+
+To:
+
+```javascript
+      assert.strictEqual(data.require_pushed_authorization_requests, false);
+```
+
+**Step 3: Run tests**
+
+Run: `npm test`
+
+Expected: All tests PASS
+
+**Step 4: Commit**
+
+```bash
+git add src/pds.js test/e2e.test.js
+git commit -m "feat: set require_pushed_authorization_requests to false"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Task 7: Final Verification
+
+**Step 1: Run all tests**
+
+Run: `npm test`
+
+Expected: All tests PASS
+
+**Step 2: Manual verification with the original URL**
+
+Test that the original failing URL now works by deploying to your worker and visiting:
+
+```
+https://chad-pds.chad-53c.workers.dev/oauth/authorize?client_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickslice-production-9cf4.up.railway.app%2Foauth-client-metadata.json&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fquickslice-production-9cf4.up.railway.app%2Foauth%2Fatp%2Fcallback&response_type=code&code_challenge=v9w-ACgE-QauiZkLpSDeZTjgGDmGdVHbegFe18dkQSw&code_challenge_method=S256&state=QkxYNYrf73X0rLaU6XBUyg&scope=atproto%20...&login_hint=did%3Aplc%3Ac6vxslynzebnlk5kw2orx37o
+```
+
+Expected: Should show consent page instead of "Missing parameters" error
+
+**Step 3: Final commit (if any cleanup needed)**
+
+```bash
+git add -A
+git commit -m "chore: cleanup after direct authorization implementation"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+This implementation:
+
+1. **Extracts shared validation** - `validateAuthorizationParameters()` is used by both PAR and direct auth
+2. **Creates request records on-the-fly** - Direct auth creates the same DB record as PAR, just without DPoP binding
+3. **Defers DPoP binding** - For direct auth, DPoP is bound at token exchange time instead of request time
+4. **Updates metadata** - Sets `require_pushed_authorization_requests: false` to signal clients that PAR is optional
+5. **Maintains backwards compatibility** - PAR flow continues to work exactly as before